# My experience from loose notes to published paper with Zettelkasten

edited May 2021

It is not difficult to find articles that herald the benefits of using a Zettelkasten and because of this, a dose of skepticism is perhaps healthy. Do you really get magically productive? Produce world-class research? Uncover secret connections for elevated understanding? Write 10 books spontaneously?

In my case, neither of those, but I do think there is a point in telling about experiences (positive and negative) and here I'll share a bit of mine on a recent conference paper I presented and published. This is not some amazing breakthrough or epiphany; but it is an interesting angle to an existing problem using ideas that were not obvious before working with the Zettelkasten.

I want to talk about this paper specifically because it truly emerged in my Zettelkasten. Ideas obviously come from many sources and a Zettelkasten is not going to replace discussions with my colleagues or reading other papers. However, in this case, the Zettelkasten allowed me to, piece-by-piece, connect the dots and produce a "new idea".

To tell my tale, I will have to throw in a bit jargon related to my research field. It is not key to understanding the workflow, but it just felt too vague otherwise. I hope it isn’t too impenetrable. I should also say that I use TiddlyWiki, but nothing is specific to any software: you could probably do this with pen and paper.

# Planting seeds, gaining insight

A Zettelkasten has sometimes been described as a conversation partner, but that only really works if it is "fed".

A good diet is called for and in the spring and summer of 2020 I was working on some research for understanding the relevance of noise in optical fibers in relation to maximum data rates. The big deal with this is that optical fibers have a kind of feedback: changing the signal changes the noise, too. This is vastly different from for example wireless communication and it is the bane of cutting-edge optical communication research.

While working on this I was throwing the observations and results into my Zettelkasten. Usually something in the sense of "Property A depends on property B" or "A is defined by". Occasionally, I would also ask questions about things I did not know: "Does this property predict that?", "Why does this property do so and so?" Of course, all these notes are well connected.

Many of these notes were made with a project / paper in mind, but as that paper developed and gained a good narrative, notes were “left out”. They were of course still in the Zettelkasten, but they were not “used”.

These two paragraphs above form one of the big paradigm changes in notetaking for me. Instead of notes, ideas and references being “locked” into a specific project, they are all connected through the links in the Zettelkasten. There is a warehouse or parking space for notes, even when they lose a purpose or when their purpose is not fully known.

Come late summer and the paper is done and I have some "free time" to explore new ideas. Here the question notes come into play. I look up those I find interesting and start exploring the connections: Where does it lead? What can I see?

The technicalities are not super important, but I use links I wrote, backlinks and a graph view to explore. The graph view is limited to 2nd order connections, which reduces clutter a lot. I think the spatial nature of allows for a different mindset when using it and it is interactive, so that static pictures don’t do it justice. This is the graph for one of the question notes:

And a zoom on some of the notes:

Another what of exploring that I like is through search. While writing an outline, I might search for a note to insert and then see something else in the result, which might be interesting.

Anyway, I had some “free time” and during the first part of that week, I pieced together this: Two properties called KLD and SNR, can be used to predict a third property: optimal shaping factor (λ). The shaping factor controls a trade-off between signal power and noise, but because of the mentioned feedbacks in optical fibers, it is very tricky to describe the optimal choice. Normally it would require numerical optimization or detailed modelling.

I arrived at the relationship through observations about the optimal choices from my earlier work and some unused notes. What happens when power (SNR) is swept, and distance is swept etc. Additionally, I had used KLD, for analyzing noise and I noticed that that it was affected more at higher power-levels. Together, these should then predict an otherwise “unpredictable” factor; at least if the observations were correct.

I prototyped a machine learning system to learn the relationship and by the end of the week, I had the principle demonstrated. From here, it is of course a matter of research and understanding the problem fully. Through discussion with colleagues and some more thinking in the Zettelkasten, we ended up going in a different direction, but my point is not that a Zettelkasten spits out fully formed results. It lets you explore things you already "know", but just have never put in the right context.

# Writing and rewriting

Another aspect of Zettelkasten is its supposed power as a writing tool. When writing the first outline for the above paper, there was nothing more fun than exploring all sorts of connections and ideas I could fit into the outline. Again, I use search to inspire myself during the writing process. With well-written note titles, it is even possible to use them directly in the outline.

However, this first outline and the draft it produced needed very heavy editing.

Writing with a Zettelkasten is both easy and hard. It is easy to throw something together and having elaborate connections, but from an outline, there is still quite a way to a good paper. When writing, especially a 2-3 page conference submission, the story has to be sharp and to the point and immediately understandable.

Our first submission was rejected (we had only worked on it for a month and rushed to get it ready for a deadline). We regrouped and cleaned up the narrative for a later conference and this was accepted.

I want to mention this, since Zettelkasten definitely helps with references and finding connections, but good writing does not come magically.

• Thank you for sharing the story in such detail! And congratulations on getting accepted to the conference with the 2nd submission.

Writing with a Zettelkasten is both easy and hard

I think I know what you mean, though I don't remember writing without being able to look at my notes for details anymore. I wrote my earliest essays at University without much preparation: start a document, write, and revise until done. (That's not a good comparison since the essays of my first 2 years at Uni were obviously of lesser quality than a technical paper. It's the best I can make, though )

Author at Zettelkasten.de • https://christiantietze.de/

• @henrikenggaard

Great post! Thanks for sharing, in such detail, your experiences in using your ZK. Your post has embedded lessons about how one might "organize" (using the term loosely) their ZK, as well.

I'm old enough and have gathered sufficient knowledge and experience to write "state-of-the-art" papers at engineering conferences. I've found there is a fundamental difference between writing that kind of paper and writing a paper that summarizes research results or explores a new idea. Since I'm a relative newcomer to the Zettelkasten world, I suspect (but don't know) that the way I used a ZK to assist in writing a paper would depend on the type of paper and its purpose.

Its often been exhilarating to write conference papers - they challenge a person to think and communicate clearly, and can lead to "aha" moments for both the author/presenter and the audience. Some of my papers that I like the best and that I think were the most useful to my colleagues sprang forth from a seminal idea, that was then researched, supported, and expanded upon. So insight and intuition play a big role (for me). It sounds like you had a similar experience while using your ZK as a springboard to that insight.

• @henrikenggaard said:
A Zettelkasten has sometimes been described as a conversation partner, but that only really works if it is "fed".

Yes! Fed a balanced diet to be assimilated into a network of knowledge. Who knows what morsel of nutrition will spark together with another to form a network. Your example of asking questions in the search for answers, both with a view to the zettelkasten and outside influences is right on.

I noticed in your screenshot of the search queue Maxwell you got returned and separated note title and note content hits. Superb and delicious. I wish I could get search results like that!

All the note titles are declaritive. How does this help you? Tell us about your logic and how you might have evolved to this style of note title.

...there was nothing more fun than exploring all sorts of connections and ideas ....

How do we find words to describe this ‘fun’? This how we could ‘sell’ or share in the value of the zettelkasten method. Can we describe viscerally and share the experience of being lost in the flow, playing, surfing connections here and there — where ever they lead, exploring gems of prior knowledge, reminiscing, connecting previously unconnected ideas, each time getting a short, sharp, spike of dopamine.

With well-written note titles, it is even possible to use them directly in the outline.

Titling is a superpower!

However, this first outline and the draft it produced needed very heavy editing.

Outline and first draft are hard and usually shit. Editing is fun. I recently read about John Swartzwelder, a “Simpsons” writer of some notoriety. He had a writing process that he described as hurrying as quick as possible through the first shitty draft and then having fun, enjoying and basking in a slow editing process. Sounds similar to your process or maybe not?

Will Simpson
“Read Poetry, Listen to Good Music, and Get Exercise”
kestrelcreek.com

• @Will said:

@henrikenggaard said:
A Zettelkasten has sometimes been described as a conversation partner, but that only really works if it is "fed".

Yes! Fed a balanced diet to be assimilated into a network of knowledge. Who knows what morsel of nutrition will spark together with another to form a network. Your example of asking questions in the search for answers, both with a view to the zettelkasten and outside influences is right on.

This made me remember that each person's "gut microbiome" is unique and can influence what they digest and is in turn influenced by what they eat! And for a healthy biome, one should eat healthy, balanced diet

• @bvs, great way to extent the metaphor.

And maybe more apropos as the gut microbiome feeds the networked body. Science is find more of the networking effects of the gut biome. Feeding the zettelkasten a diet of healthy material feeds and build a network of ideas.

Will Simpson
“Read Poetry, Listen to Good Music, and Get Exercise”
kestrelcreek.com

• Congratulations and thank you so much for sharing!

Good luck at the conference.

• edited May 2021

@GeoEng51 said:

Its often been exhilarating to write conference papers - they challenge a person to think and communicate clearly, and can lead to "aha" moments for both the author/presenter and the audience.

This is definitely how I've experienced conference papers, too. It is such a short format and I think that is also why I subsequent submission worked better: we understood what we did better through the writing process (data and method was unchanged.)

The classic quote stands:

If I had more time, I would have written a shorter letter.

@Will said:

All the note titles are declaritive. How does this help you? Tell us about your logic and how you might have evolved to this style of note title.

This is very directly inspired by Andy Matuschak's writing on note taking: Prefer note titles with complete phrases to sharpen claims. Plus, since I prefer using titles instead of non-descriptive IDs, I have to pick a title and I have to make it useful as a sentence/title. This is definitely a place where features have quite a big impact on workflows.

Having declarative titles is also an interesting exercise in cautious specificity. If I am not very certain about something, I must be careful with writing a very strong statement. This is an area where I think Zettelkasten works very well, compare to other notes I have taken before; it is somehow more robust to uncertainty.

[...] enjoying and basking in a slow editing process.

I must confess that I have ended up hating every paper I have worked on by the end of the editing process I love them all now, but I usually grow sick of editing!

• Where's Ahrens?! I thought my ZK would just shit out rainbow coloured unicorn farts with no further editing! Now I'm pissed haha

• Joke ^ in case anyone misunderstood it.